2015年1月21日 星期三

《紐約時報》一篇報導,觸發數萬人激讚議論

一個心理實驗:36條問題、4分鐘對望,成功讓「陌生男女」相愛


二十年前,我知道一位名叫 Arthur Aron 的心理學家, 成功令兩位陌生人愛上了對方。去年暑假,我嘗試將這個實驗應用在自己身上。深夜裡,我獨自站在橋上,看著一個男人的眼睛4分鐘。

先讓我解釋一下吧,那天晚上,那個男人說,“我嚴重懷疑,單憑幾個共同點,你能跟任何人熱戀。即便可以,你如何選擇這個和你熱戀的人呢?

這個男人,是我常在健身室跑步時候遇見的,也關注了他的 instagram,不過這天我們第一次約會了。

我對他說,“心理學家嘗試讓人們熱戀。我很想實驗一下。”

我第一次閱讀那個研究是在我分手期間。每次我想離開這段感情,但我的心都主導了腦袋。因此,希望科學能令我愛得聰明點。

我跟他解釋了這個實驗。一男一女通過兩道分開的門進入實驗室。兩個人面對面坐著,問對方一系列私人問題。然後,靜靜地望著對方的眼睛四分鐘。最理想的預期結果,就是這兩個人六個月之後結婚了。

他說,“讓我們來嘗試一下吧。”

我們對這個實驗作出了一些改變。首先,我們選擇的場地是酒吧,而不是實驗室。第二,我們並算不上是陌生人,並且,我們為這個實驗營造了浪漫的氣氛。

我 Google 了 Aron 的 36 個問題。接下來的兩小時,我們嘗試回答對方這些問題。

“你希望成名嗎?如果希望的話,你會通過什麼方式達到呢?” 
“你對上一次唱歌是什麼時候?對誰唱呢?”

問題逐漸尖銳。

“你可以說出三個我和你的共同特徵嗎?” 他突然跟我說,“我覺得我們都對對方感興趣了。”

當他繼續陳述另外兩個共同點,我微笑了一下,吞了一大口啤酒。我們亦分享了對上一次哭的故事,並承認了一件事情,我們兩個都相信算命。我們都會跟媽媽分享自己的感情生活。

這些問題令我想到 “溫水煮青蛙”。其實這些問題逐漸地觸碰對方脆弱的心靈。這個實驗之所以能夠成功,是因為通常這些問題的答案可能需要幾個月甚至乎幾年才有可能得知的。

我很希望通過這些問題更清楚地認識自己,但我對認識他更感興趣。當我們去這間酒吧時,是沒有人的。當我們希望暫停一下,先去洗手間的時候,回來時酒吧已經坐滿人了。

我獨自一人坐著,看著旁邊的人,想著,究竟有人在過去的一小時聽著我們的對話嗎?

我對某些問題感到不安,並不是我們需要去承認某些不好的事實。而是要去評論對方。

譬如說,第22條問題: “你可以列出5個對方的優點嗎?”
第28條,“你可以說出你希望對方什麼嗎?請不要說那些你第一次見到陌生人的客套話,請真誠回答這些問題。”

Aron 的大部份問題都是進入對方的最深處的:

“In particular, several studies investigate the ways we incorporate others into our sense of self. It’s easy to see how the questions encourage what they call “self-expansion.”

又譬如說,“我喜歡你的聲音,我喜歡你的品味、你那些朋友仰慕你的目光。”makes certain positive qualities belonging to one person explicitly valuable to the other.

聽著別人稱讚你,仰慕你的感覺是很好的。我不明白為什麼在生活中的我們甚少對身邊的人稱讚。

我們花了多於預計的1個半小時完成這些問題。問這些問題遠比看著對方眼睛4分鐘的感覺要好。
他問,“你覺得我們需要完成這個部份嗎?”
我問他,“在這裡?”(即酒吧裡)
他說,“那我們去橋上吧。”

於是,我們走到橋上的最高點,面對著面,拿手機 set 好時間。

我說,“OK”, 他面帶著笑容說 “OK。

這四分鐘確實是我人生中感到最害怕的四分鐘了。開始時,我嘗試著正常呼吸。間中,我們有很多尷尬的微笑。而後來,我們適應了。

這四分鐘,我並不是看著一個人。而是看著一個正在看我的人。

最後,我的手機響了。我驚訝這四分鐘完了。雖然我們得以釋放,但我亦感到一點遺憾。

我們相戀了。

我喜歡這個研究,不但因為這個研究假設著,愛是一種行動。它還假設影響對方的事情,同時還影響著我。因為我們擁有三個共同特點。因為我們都和自己的媽媽有著緊密的關係。因為,他也讓我看著他。

It’s true you can’t choose who loves you, although I’ve spent years hoping otherwise, and you can’t create romantic feelings based on convenience alone. Science tells us biology matters; our pheromones and hormones do a lot of work behind the scenes.

翻譯推介:阿YU
友情轉載:于非
Photographer: Hal
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More than 20 years ago, the psychologist Arthur Aron succeeded in making two strangers fall in love in his laboratory. Last summer, I applied his technique in my own life, which is how I found myself standing on a bridge at midnight, staring into a man’s eyes for exactly four minutes.
Let me explain. Earlier in the evening, that man had said: “I suspect, given a few commonalities, you could fall in love with anyone. If so, how do you choose someone?”
He was a university acquaintance I occasionally ran into at the climbing gym and had thought, “What if?” I had gotten a glimpse into his days on Instagram. But this was the first time we had hung out one-on-one.
“Actually, psychologists have tried making people fall in love,” I said, remembering Dr. Aron’s study. “It’s fascinating. I’ve always wanted to try it.”
I first read about the study when I was in the midst of a breakup. Each time I thought of leaving, my heart overruled my brain. I felt stuck. So, like a good academic, I turned to science, hoping there was a way to love smarter.
I explained the study to my university acquaintance. A heterosexual man and woman enter the lab through separate doors. They sit face to face and answer a series of increasingly personal questions. Then they stare silently into each other’s eyes for four minutes. The most tantalizing detail: Six months later, two participants were married. They invited the entire lab to the ceremony.
“Let’s try it,” he said.
Let me acknowledge the ways our experiment already fails to line up with the study. First, we were in a bar, not a lab. Second, we weren’t strangers. Not only that, but I see now that one neither suggests nor agrees to try an experiment designed to create romantic love if one isn’t open to this happening.
I Googled Dr. Aron’s questions; there are 36. We spent the next two hours passing my iPhone across the table, alternately posing each question.
They began innocuously: “Would you like to be famous? In what way?” And “When did you last sing to yourself? To someone else?”
But they quickly became probing.
In response to the prompt, “Name three things you and your partner appear to have in common,” he looked at me and said, “I think we’re both interested in each other.”
I grinned and gulped my beer as he listed two more commonalities I then promptly forgot. We exchanged stories about the last time we each cried, and confessed the one thing we’d like to ask a fortuneteller. We explained our relationships with our mothers.
The questions reminded me of the infamous boiling frog experiment in which the frog doesn’t feel the water getting hotter until it’s too late. With us, because the level of vulnerability increased gradually, I didn’t notice we had entered intimate territory until we were already there, a process that can typically take weeks or months.
I liked learning about myself through my answers, but I liked learning things about him even more. The bar, which was empty when we arrived, had filled up by the time we paused for a bathroom break.
I sat alone at our table, aware of my surroundings for the first time in an hour, and wondered if anyone had been listening to our conversation. If they had, I hadn’t noticed. And I didn’t notice as the crowd thinned and the night got late.
We all have a narrative of ourselves that we offer up to strangers and acquaintances, but Dr. Aron’s questions make it impossible to rely on that narrative. Ours was the kind of accelerated intimacy I remembered from summer camp, staying up all night with a new friend, exchanging the details of our short lives. At 13, away from home for the first time, it felt natural to get to know someone quickly. But rarely does adult life present us with such circumstances.
The moments I found most uncomfortable were not when I had to make confessions about myself, but had to venture opinions about my partner. For example: “Alternate sharing something you consider a positive characteristic of your partner, a total of five items” (Question 22), and “Tell your partner what you like about them; be very honest this time saying things you might not say to someone you’ve just met” (Question 28).
Much of Dr. Aron’s research focuses on creating interpersonal closeness. In particular, several studies investigate the ways we incorporate others into our sense of self. It’s easy to see how the questions encourage what they call “self-expansion.” Saying things like, “I like your voice, your taste in beer, the way all your friends seem to admire you,” makes certain positive qualities belonging to one person explicitly valuable to the other.
It’s astounding, really, to hear what someone admires in you. I don’t know why we don’t go around thoughtfully complimenting one another all the time.
We finished at midnight, taking far longer than the 90 minutes for the original study. Looking around the bar, I felt as if I had just woken up. “That wasn’t so bad,” I said. “Definitely less uncomfortable than the staring into each other’s eyes part would be.”
He hesitated and asked. “Do you think we should do that, too?”
“Here?” I looked around the bar. It seemed too weird, too public.
“We could stand on the bridge,” he said, turning toward the window.
The night was warm and I was wide-awake. We walked to the highest point, then turned to face each other. I fumbled with my phone as I set the timer.
“O.K.,” I said, inhaling sharply.
“O.K.,” he said, smiling.
I’ve skied steep slopes and hung from a rock face by a short length of rope, but staring into someone’s eyes for four silent minutes was one of the more thrilling and terrifying experiences of my life. I spent the first couple of minutes just trying to breathe properly. There was a lot of nervous smiling until, eventually, we settled in.
I know the eyes are the windows to the soul or whatever, but the real crux of the moment was not just that I was really seeing someone, but that I was seeing someone really seeing me. Once I embraced the terror of this realization and gave it time to subside, I arrived somewhere unexpected.
I felt brave, and in a state of wonder. Part of that wonder was at my own vulnerability and part was the weird kind of wonder you get from saying a word over and over until it loses its meaning and becomes what it actually is: an assemblage of sounds.
So it was with the eye, which is not a window to anything but a rather clump of very useful cells. The sentiment associated with the eye fell away and I was struck by its astounding biological reality: the spherical nature of the eyeball, the visible musculature of the iris and the smooth wet glass of the cornea. It was strange and exquisite.
When the timer buzzed, I was surprised — and a little relieved. But I also felt a sense of loss. Already I was beginning to see our evening through the surreal and unreliable lens of retrospect.
Most of us think about love as something that happens to us. We fall. We get crushed.
But what I like about this study is how it assumes that love is an action. It assumes that what matters to my partner matters to me because we have at least three things in common, because we have close relationships with our mothers, and because he let me look at him.
I wondered what would come of our interaction. If nothing else, I thought it would make a good story. But I see now that the story isn’t about us; it’s about what it means to bother to know someone, which is really a story about what it means to be known.
It’s true you can’t choose who loves you, although I’ve spent years hoping otherwise, and you can’t create romantic feelings based on convenience alone. Science tells us biology matters; our pheromones and hormones do a lot of work behind the scenes.
But despite all this, I’ve begun to think love is a more pliable thing than we make it out to be. Arthur Aron’s study taught me that it’s possible — simple, even — to generate trust and intimacy, the feelings love needs to thrive.
You’re probably wondering if he and I fell in love. Well, we did. Although it’s hard to credit the study entirely (it may have happened anyway), the study did give us a way into a relationship that feels deliberate. We spent weeks in the intimate space we created that night, waiting to see what it could become.
Love didn’t happen to us. We’re in love because we each made the choice to be.

2015年1月11日 星期日

We have now encapsulated such instruction in an interactive computer program called Brainology. Its five modules teach students about the brain—what it does and how to make it work better. In a virtual brain lab, users can click on brain regions to determine their functions or on nerve endings to see how connections form or strengthen when people learn. Users can also advise virtual students with problems as a way of practicing how to handle schoolwork difficulties; additionally, users keep an online journal of their study practices.
New York City seventh graders who tested Brainology told us that the program had changed their view of learning and how to promote it. One wrote: “My favorite thing from Brainology is the neurons part where when u [sic] learn something there are connections and they keep growing. I always picture them when I'm in school.” A teacher said of the students who used the program: “They offer to practice, study, take notes, or pay attention to ensure that connections will be made.”
Teaching children such information is not just a ploy to get them to study. People may well differ in intelligence, talent and ability. And yet research is converging on the conclusion that great accomplishment, and even what we call genius, is typically the result of years of passion and dedication and not something that flows naturally from a gift. Mozart, Edison, Curie, Darwin and Cézanne were not simply born with talent; they cultivated it through tremendous and sustained effort. Similarly, hard work and discipline contribute more to school achievement than IQ does.
Such lessons apply to almost every human endeavor. For instance, many young athletes value talent more than hard work and have consequently become unteachable. Similarly, many people accomplish little in their jobs without constant praise and encouragement to maintain their motivation. If we foster a growth mind-set in our homes and schools, however, we will give our children the tools to succeed in their pursuits and to become productive workers and citizens.
—Carol S. Dweck

2015年1月9日 星期五

科學作家和歐盟事務記者,作品曾刊登於《衛報》、《自然》及《科學人》雜誌
譯者: 
事件分類: 
【編按】根據世界衛生組織12月15日公布資料指出,本次伊波拉疫情已經造成超過6800人死亡,幾乎全數集中於西非地區。伊波拉病毒引發的出血熱,死亡率高達40%至90%,為避免疫情擴散,世界各國也高度警戒。日前台灣社會也傳出謊報病情案例,引發一陣恐慌。
伊波拉病毒發現於1976年,為何在長達近40年時間中,醫藥界並未開發出有效的疫苗或治療藥物?本文刊載於《Jacobin》雜誌,原標題為〈The Political Economy of Ebola〉。作者Leigh Phillips長期關注醫藥產業的發展。他指出,大藥廠沒有興趣研發無利可圖的藥品。同時非洲各國被迫推動的新自由主義政策,也削弱了當地公衛體系,以及政府的應變能力。綜合起來,釀成了此次伊波拉病毒肆虐的慘劇。
 今年爆發的伊波拉病毒疫情,規模為歷年之最。根據世界衛生組織12月15日公布資料指出,死亡人數已達6800人以上,幾乎全數集中於西非地區。(影像來源:NBC NEWS
《洋蔥報》(The Onion)一如往常,在他們所謂「新聞報導」中指出,伊波拉病毒最慘的疫情爆發記錄顯示,一開始在西非有約1,779人感染,至少961人死亡。7月31日的頭條快訊更祭出這無恥的標題〈 專家:伊波拉疫苗造成至少50位白人死亡 〉
我們先粗略地解釋為:如果感染伊波拉病毒的是白人,這問題一定會被解決。在新自由主義的政策下,藥品公司也拒絕投資這項研究,這些市場因素不只惡化,更掩蓋了疫情的爆發。
種族因素肯定存在。身為感染疾病專家,同時也是世界最大醫療研究慈善團體之一的惠康信託基金會(Wellcome Trust)會長的傑瑞米‧法勒(Jeremy Farrar),他在《多倫多星報》(Toronto Star) 的訪問中說:「你想像在加拿大、美國及歐洲這些地方,有450個人死於病毒性出血熱(譯按:伊波拉病毒引起的症狀),這是多麼地令人無法忍受—而這在西非也應該是如此。」
法勒指出,加拿大開發的實驗性伊波拉疫苗,2009年曾在一個德國實驗室的意外中被拿來做緊急使用:「我們費盡心力以幫助德國實驗室的技術人員,為什麼會因為地點在西非而有所不同呢?」
然而,伊波拉病毒的問題沒有被解決,因為解決這件事賺不到半毛錢。這是一個無利可圖的疾病。
無利可圖 大藥廠不願研發
1976年,伊波拉病毒剛被檢驗出來時,大約已有2,400人死亡。大型製藥公司意識到研究伊波拉病毒治療的成本非常高,但市場是很渺小的。在純粹量化的基礎下,有些人可能(或許正確地)警告著:不要太關注這死亡人數比瘧疾(伊波拉爆發至今有30萬人死亡)和肺結核(60萬人死亡)還低的疾病。
經濟的限制拖延了研究伊波拉治療的發展,這也解釋了為什麼製藥公司正在抗拒開發包括伊波拉,以及其他許多疾病的治療方式。
近十年來,公共部門或擁有國家高額補助的小型生技公司,在治療伊波拉的研究上其實有了大幅度進展。包括核酸基生成物、抗體療法,及若干種疫苗,而其中五個在靈長類動物的實驗裡,皆成功預防了伊波拉病毒。
在這兩個星期裡,美國過敏與感染疾病研究所(National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIAID)的院長安東尼‧弗契(Anthony Fauci)在媒體上不斷地向那些願意聽的人說:如果不是那些吝嗇的企業,伊波拉疫苗離成功開發也只是一步之遙。
弗契在《今日美國報》(USA Today) 的報導中裡提到「我們一直努力開發伊波拉疫苗,但卻沒有任何企業投資。」另外他在 《科學人雜誌》(Scientific American) 中指出,「我們將一種候選疫苗放進猴子體內後反應良好,然而一個每三、四十年才有少數疫情爆發的疾病,部分藥商缺乏開發疫苗的意願與獎勵。」
幾乎所有熟悉這議題的人都認為關鍵就在於:疫情很少爆發以及受影響的人過於稀少,以致於大型藥商認為不能賺錢,沒有開發價值。
位於秘魯首都利馬的生物醫學研究實驗室——美國海軍第六醫學研究中心(NAMRU-6),其新興感染疾病部門的主任丹尼爾‧鮑施(Daniel Bausch),在接受《VOX》採訪時說「疫情爆發波及了世界上最貧窮的地區,雖然創造了驚人的動亂,但仍屬於相對稀少的事件。假如你了解一下藥商們的意願,他們在伊波拉疫苗試驗的第一、二、三期都不會有熱忱,因為也許只有幾萬或幾十萬人會用到。」
英國衛生公共學會(UK Faculty of Public Health)的會長約翰‧艾胥頓(John Ashton)在《星期日獨立報》(Independent on Sunday) 上發表了一篇評論,他譴責,「製藥產業會不願意投資治療與疫苗的研究,是因為對他們而言,涉及的人數少到不能平衡投資和報酬。」最後在結論中指出「這是在一個缺乏倫理的社會架構下,資本主義的淪喪道德行徑。」
伊波拉病毒的狀況並不是特例。大型藥商拒絕研究新類抗生素已長達三十年之久。由於抗生素的「發現無效」(譯按:discovery void,因為抗生素濫用而產生帶有耐藥性的細菌),臨床醫生認為,我們用來抵抗日常感染的有效藥物將在二十年內耗盡。自1940年代以來,人類發展出來的許多醫療技術及醫療介入方法,是立基於抗生素的保護基礎。現今人類壽命的延長取決於許多因素,而抗生素是不可或缺的一個原因。在研發出抗生素之前,細菌感染是最常見的死因之一。
今年四月,世界衛生組織(WHO)發佈了史上第一份全球抗生素耐藥性的追蹤報告。報告中表示,細菌的耐藥性已經達到了「警戒等級」。聯合國健康部門也警告:「這個嚴重的威脅不再只是預測中的未來,這是世界上所有地區正在發生的事實,並且有潛力影響任何年齡層、任何國家的任何人。」
造成這種現象的原因很簡單,製藥公司自己也承認:將8億7千萬美元(資本成本18億美元)投資於人一生中只有幾次感染機會才會服用的藥物,並沒有意義。相同的金額投資在糖尿病或癌症等慢性病上,相較之下獲利非常高,因為病患終其一生都必須持續服用藥物。
根據美國疾病管制局(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, CDC)資料,美國每年有約200萬民眾感染了抗生素耐藥性病菌,其中有2萬3千人因此死亡。
在疫苗的開發上我們看到同樣的問題。民眾常年購買哮喘藥或胰島素,但人一生中卻只需要一至兩劑的疫苗接種。數十年來,許多製藥公司不只是放棄了疫苗的研發,甚至放棄生產疫苗。到了2003年,美國開始有疫苗短缺的情況,其中以兒童疫苗最為明顯。狀況嚴重到美國疾病管制中心設立了網站,專門追蹤疫苗短缺和延遲生產的現況。
 早在1976年就發現了伊波拉病毒,但因為受害者多為非洲居民,生產疫苗或治療藥物無利可圖,所以藥廠遲遲不願投入資金研發。(影像來源:美國疾病管制局
公部門挹注 新藥現曙光
儘管市場拒絕投資,國防部基於對伊波拉病毒的關心,並為了國家安全撇開了自由市場運作原則,出面介入。
位於加爾維斯敦的德州大學醫學科病毒學家托馬斯‧嘉士伯(Thomas Geisbert)向《科學人雜誌》 透露了他對VSV疫苗(譯按:水皰性口炎病毒製成的疫苗)的期待,這是最有希望抑制伊波拉病毒的選項之一:
「我們試著取得經費來進行人體實驗...... 而這取決於對開發這些疫苗的小公司的財政支持。人體實驗昂貴且需要政府大量贊助。伊波拉病毒只占全球市場的小小一塊,大型藥商沒有太多動機去研發疫苗,因此政府的資金是必須的。」
製藥公司BioCryst Pharmaceuticals的醫學主任,同時也是實驗抗病毒藥物 BCX4430的研發者威廉‧雪里登(William Sheridan),他描述伊波拉療法研發所面對的資金困境是:「大公司根本理都不理。」
但像他這種小公司,聯邦政府不只贊助研究,例如BCX4430也是和美國陸軍傳染病醫學研究所(USAMRIID)共同研發的,政府更承諾購買伊波拉藥物的庫存,作為抵抗生物恐怖主義的預防手段。雪里登在美國國家公共電台(NPR) 上說:「市場還是有的,那就是美國政府。」
美國陸軍傳染病醫學研究所和加拿大衛生局(Canada’s Public Health Agency)正在共同協助ZMapp的發展,這是一種單株抗體血清,由聖地牙哥的一間小型生技公司「MAPP生物製藥」所開發。上週ZMAPP幫助了肯特‧布蘭特利(Kent Brantly)和南希‧萊布(Nancy Writebol),他們是兩名在福音基督傳教團體「撒馬利亞救援會(Samaritan’s Purse)」工作的美國醫生。
他們在賴比瑞亞照顧伊波拉病患時受到感染。當時布蘭特利的狀況快速惡化,也和妻子通電話做最後的道別了。但在他接受實驗性血清治療後,一小時內情況便開始好轉,呼吸順暢、皮疹消退。隔天一早,他便能自己洗澡。當他撤離賴比瑞亞到達美國時,能夠不需他人幫助自行爬下救護車。至於萊布,從賴比瑞亞首都回到亞特蘭大後,現在同樣也可以「站起來走動」了。
然而,對於這藥物是否治癒了這兩位傳教士,我們必須萬分慎重才能做下結論。因為在這個「臨床實驗」中只有兩個樣本數,而且是沒有隱瞞受試者及控制組做比對的情況。到目前為止,該藥未進行人體的安全及功效性測試,此外,任何疾病的患者皆有一定比例的人數能夠自行痊癒,因此我們不確定ZMapp是否為造成明顯康復的原因。不過,這起事件的確帶給我們很大的希望。
在加拿大國防研究與發展中心(Defence R&D Canada)一項安全計劃(Canadian Safety and Security Program)的投資下,位在加拿大溫尼伯的國家微生物實驗室(National Microbiology Laboratory) ,和一間位於多倫多的「生命科學生物防禦公司」Defyrus,這兩個單位的研究人員們獨創研發了兩種ZMapp抗體。而在馬普生物製藥公司(MappBio)與美國陸軍傳染病醫學研究所、美國衛生研究所(National Institutes of Health)及加拿大國防威脅降低局(Defense Threat Reduction Agency)的合作下,以雞尾酒療法製作出了第三種抗體。接著,這些公司與位於歐文斯伯勒(Owensboro)的肯塔基生物工藝公司(Kentucky Bioprocessing)合夥培植帶有抗體的煙草植物。肯塔基生物工藝是一間蛋白質生產公司,今年被母公司雷諾煙草公司(RJ Reynolds Tobacco)買下。
一聽到五角大廈和加拿大國防部的聯合編制,有些人會跳進陰謀論裡。沒錯,ZMapp看起來就像能夠完美地引起大眾強烈關注:基因改造、大型煙草公司、五角大廈,以及看起來有點像疫苗的注射劑!
但是國防部門的投資不應該被認為是邪惡的。相反地,這是公部門作為守護者與創新驅動者,的一個優秀證據。不是所有無利可圖的疾病都會是上校們擔憂生物恐怖的對象。而且,為什麼私人機構就該嚐到賺錢的甜頭,公家單位就只能撿剩下沒得賺的呢?
假設,基於追求盈利的首要目的,製藥產業在結構上就是無法生產那些社會所需的產品,而公共部門(在這起案例裡為軍方)必須持續地填補市場失靈的缺口,那麼這個單位應該國有化,讓可盈利的治療收入去支援其他無法盈利的療法研發與生產。
在這種情況下,我們甚至不必再爭論是否預防瘧疾、痲疹或小兒痲痹更值得優先考慮。我們能夠同時處理眾所皆知的疾病,以及受人忽略的疾病。即便有公共資金的挹注,也無法保證能夠馬上解決問題,但同一個時間,私人藥廠們甚至連試都沒試。
這正是社會主義者所說的,資本主義是讓生產力進一步發展的禁錮。我們關注的不僅僅是大型藥廠不道德地拒絕正視受忽略的熱帶疾病、疫苗以及抗生素研發。更因為有些如同聚寶盆般的新產品和服務,可造福人群並拓展人類的自由。但是卻因為自由市場的頹靡與缺乏抱負,限制了這些生產的潛力。
新自由主義 疫情擴張的兇手
專注於疫苗或藥品的研發是重要的,但若忽略了西非公共衛生與基礎設施的惡化,以及更廣泛的經濟因素造成人畜共生傳染病爆發的可能,例如伊波拉。充其量只是試圖用水桶將水從一艘進水下沈的船中撈出來而已,治標不治本。
 人畜共生傳染病,佔人類歷史上傳染病的大宗。隨著人類與其他生物間更加密集的接觸,感染的可能性也會增加。(影像來源:ebola el virus
同為系統地理學家和生態學家的羅伯‧華萊士(Rob Wallace)清楚地說明了,新自由主義的影響如何為傳染病疫情創造了良好的條件。幾內亞、賴比瑞亞和獅子山是地球上最貧窮的幾個國家,在聯合國的人類發展指數(Human Development Index)排名中,分別是第178名、174名及187名。
如果傳染病爆發在那些擁有全球最佳醫療設施的北歐國家,疫情可能已經得到控制。
野外醫院的不足、現有醫院沒有適當的衛生措施、尚未建立標準的隔離單位,及缺乏受專業訓練的醫療人員,以至無法妥善地追蹤並隔離感染病患等等,都是造成疫情惡化的原因。或者說,不論提供的實質治療為何,更好的支持治療才是導向好結果的關鍵。當地政府的機能衰退也會加劇疾病的擴散,政府應該要能夠更整體性地控管人民移居、處理相關後勤問題,並與其他國家進行合作。
流行病及傳染疾病學家鮑什(Daniel Bausch),在最近這次疫情爆發的災區附近進行研究任務,他七月發表於《公共科學圖書館》(Public Library of Science)期刊的一篇論文<被忽略的熱帶疾病>( Neglected Tropical Diseases)中,描述了他是如何第一手地「見證了疫情的『去發展』。每次重回幾內亞、每次從科納克理(譯按:Conakry,幾內亞首都)前往雨林區的漫長車程上,總是看到當地的公共建設似乎每下愈況——曾鋪好的路更壞了、公共服務更少、物價更高了,森林也更稀疏了。」
華萊士提到,這裡和許多的國家一樣,在西方政府和國際金融機構既鼓勵又強制的推動下,進行一系列的結構調整計畫:私有化並縮減公共服務、在持續農業補助之下移除關稅,以及使農作物以出口為目標來犧牲自給自足的機會。這些都導致了飢餓和貧窮,反過來說,食物和出口作物之間在資金、土地及農業投入方面的競爭,引發出了更多土地所有權的兼併問題,尤其是限制小農使用土地的跨國公司。
伊波拉病毒是一種人畜共生傳染病,它經由動物傳染給人類(或者相反)。人類的傳染病歷史中,約61%是人畜共生傳染病,例如流感、霍亂和愛滋病毒。
人類的活動範圍擴張到野外,和野生動物接觸的機會隨之增加,這就是造成人畜共生傳染病提高的最主要原因。當新自由主義的結構調整迫使人們離開土地,都市卻沒有相對應提供足夠的工作機會。華萊士指出,人們只能跳進「更深的叢林來擴張地理範圍、追捕獵物、取得製炭的木材,或深入礦坑來取得礦物。而處在這些偏遠的角落,將會提高接觸到伊波拉病毒或其他人畜共生傳染病病原的風險。」
就像鮑什所說:「生物和生態的因素或許會讓病毒自叢林出現,但很明顯地,社會與政治的時局決定了它接下來的發展—是一、兩起的個例,還是疫情大規模的持續爆發。」
因為缺乏基礎建設和資源,在那些人畜共生疫情爆發的起源地,結果往往是無法依照預期跟計畫發展。例如二戰結束時,美國南方爆發的瘧疾,就在美國疾病管制中心早期的一次任務中被消滅。
號召全面運動 建立公共醫療
過去幾個月以來,伊波拉病毒史上最嚴重的疫情爆發,揭露出了我們醫藥發展體系的道德淪喪。爭取美國的公共醫療,以及聯手對抗西方國家醫療私有化的戰爭,只有做到一半。當一個新的運動設定了以下目標,問題才可能真正獲得解決:將國際醫藥產業重整為公共服務部門,以及改變那些間接破壞公共衛生體系的新自由主義政策。
我們能以80年代末及90年代初的愛滋行動團體作為靈感,例如愛滋平權聯盟(ACT UP)、治療行動小組(Treatment Action Group),及21世紀初時南非的治療行動運動( Treatment Action Campaign),他們在嚴謹的科學認識下,結合行動和非暴力的公民不服從來抵抗企業和政客。
但這次我們需要一場更大規模、更全面的運動。因為這不只是一個疾病,更是市場失靈所漠視的疫苗發展、抗生素失效、熱帶疾病,以及所有因貧窮而被忽略的疾病。我們需要一個以科學為基礎、長遠、有野心且可行的治療行動,以民主征服醫藥產業。
我們需要一個運動,終止那些無利可圖的疾病。

Russell Brand on revolution: “We no longer have the luxury of tradition”

But before we change the world, we need to change the way we think.

 When I was asked to edit an issue of the New Statesman I said yes because it was a beautiful woman asking me. I chose the subject of revolution because theNew Statesman is a political magazine and imagining the overthrow of the current political system is the only way I can be enthused about politics.
When people talk about politics within the existing Westminster framework I feel a dull thud in my stomach and my eyes involuntarily glaze. Like when I’m conversing and the subject changes from me and moves on to another topic. I try to remain engaged but behind my eyes I am adrift in immediate nostalgia; “How happy I was earlier in this chat,” I instantly think.
I have never voted. Like most people I am utterly disenchanted by politics. Like most people I regard politicians as frauds and liars and the current political system as nothing more than a bureaucratic means for furthering the augmentation and advantages of economic elites. Billy Connolly said: “Don’t vote, it encourages them,” and, “The desire to be a politician should bar you for life from ever being one.”
I don’t vote because to me it seems like a tacit act of compliance; I know, I know my grandparents fought in two world wars (and one World Cup) so that I’d have the right to vote. Well, they were conned. As far as I’m concerned there is nothing to vote for. I feel it is a far more potent political act to completely renounce the current paradigm than to participate in even the most trivial and tokenistic manner, by obediently X-ing a little box.
Total revolution of consciousness and our entire social, political and economic system is what interests me, but that’s not on the ballot. Is utopian revolution possible? The freethinking social architect Buckminster Fuller said humanity now faces a choice: oblivion or utopia. We’re inertly ambling towards oblivion, is utopia really an option?
I heard recently Oliver Cromwell’s address to the rump parliament in 1653 (online, I’m not a Time Lord) where he bawls out the whole of the House of Commons as “whores, virtueless horses and money-grabbing dicklickers”. I added the last one but, honestly, that is the vibe. I was getting close to admiring old Oliver for his “calls it as he sees it, balls-out” rhetoric till I read about him on Wikipedia and learned that beyond this brilliant 8 Mile-style takedown of corrupt politicians he was a right arsehole; starving and murdering the Irish and generally (and surprisingly for a Roundhead) being a total square. The fact remains that if you were to recite his speech in parliament today you’d be hard pushed to find someone who could be legitimately offended.
I don’t want to get all “Call me Dave, I was chatting to my plumber, man of the people” here, but the fact is I’m a recovering junkie so that means I have to hang out with a lot of other junkies to keep my head together, some of whom are clean, others who are using. Hear you this, regular New Statesman reader, browsing with irritation that the culture of celebrity has just banjoed the arse of another sacred cow and a Halloween-haired, Sachsgate-enacting, estuary-whining, glitter-lacquered, priapic berk has been undeservedly hoisted upon another cultural plinth, but – young people, poor people, not-rich people, most people do not give a fuck about politics.
They see no difference between Cameron, Clegg, Boris, either of the Milibands or anyone else. To them these names are as obsolete as Lord Palmerston or Denis Healey. The London riots in 2011, which were condemned as nihilistic and materialistic by Boris and Cameron (when they eventually returned from their holidays), were by that very definition political. These young people have been accidentally marketed to their whole lives without the economic means to participate in the carnival. After some draconian sentences were issued, measures that the white-collar criminals who capsized our economy with their greed a few years earlier avoided, and not one hoodie was hugged, the compliance resumed. Apathy reigned.
There’s little point bemoaning this apathy. Apathy is a rational reaction to a system that no longer represents, hears or addresses the vast majority of people. A system that is apathetic, in fact, to the needs of the people it was designed to serve. To me a potent and triumphant leftist movement, aside from the glorious Occupy rumble, is a faint, idealistic whisper from sepia rebels. The formation of the NHS, holiday pay, sick pay, the weekend – achievements of peaceful trade union action were not achieved in the lifetime of the directionless London rioters. They are uninformed of the left’s great legacy as it is dismantled around them.
Of the two possible reactions to the mechanised indifference and inefficiency of their alleged servants, not leaders – apathy or rage – apathy is the more accessible and is certainly preferable to those who govern.
Righteous rage surfaces rarely only in the most galling of circumstances, the riots or the Milly Dowler intrusion, where a basic taboo was transgressed, then we reach beneath the stagnant quotidian to the omnipresent truth within. In this case “respect for the dead”, the motif upon which Sophocles’s Antigone is founded.
Along with the absolute, all-encompassing total corruption of our political agencies by big business, this apathy is the biggest obstacle to change. We can’t alter the former without removing the latter. Can this be achieved? Obviously this is a rhetorical question and without wanting to spunk the surprise ending the answer is yes.
First, though, I should qualify my right to even pontificate on such a topic and in so doing untangle another of revolution’s inherent problems. Hypocrisy. How dare I, from my velvet chaise longue, in my Hollywood home like Kubla Khan, drag my limbs from my harem to moan about the system? A system that has posited me on a lilo made of thighs in an ocean filled with honey and foie gras’d my Essex arse with undue praise and money.
I once, during the early steps of this thousand-mile journey to decadent somnambulance, found myself embroiled in a London riot. It was around the bafflement of the millennium and we were all uptight about zeroes lining up three wide and planes falling from the sky and the national mood was weird.
At this point I’d attended a few protests and I loved them. At a Liverpool dockers march, the chanting, the bristling, the rippedup paving stones and galloping police horses in Bono glasses flipped a switch in me. I felt connected, on a personal level I was excited by the chaos, a necessary component of transition, I like a bit of chaos however it’s delivered. The disruption of normalcy a vital step in any revolution. Even aesthetically, aside from the ideology, I beam at the spectacle of disruption, even when quite trivial. As a boy a bird in the house defecating on our concept of domesticity as much as our settee, a signal of the impermanence and illusory nature of our humdrum comforts. The riot in question came when I was working at MTV and for the first time in my life had money, which to me was little more than regal letters to be delivered to drug dealers.
My involvement in the riot came without invitation or intention, I was in fact oxymoronically shopping (emphasis on the moron) with a stylist in the West End, at the expense of MTV, which is perhaps the planet’s most obvious purveyor of neurodross and pop-cultural claptrap – like a glistening pink pony trotting through your mind shitting glitter.
I was smacked up and gacked up and togged up in the nitwit livery of late-Nineties television, a crackhead Harlequin with Hoxton hair, when it came to my attention that Reclaim the Streets had a march on. On learning this, I without a flicker of self-awareness palmed off my shopping bags jammed with consumer treats and headed for the throng. Just before the kettling and boredom, while things were still buzzing, bongos, bubbles and whistles, I was hurt when a fellow protester piously said to me: “What you doing here? I’ve seen you, you work for MTV.” I felt pretty embarrassed that my involvement was being questioned, in a manner that is all too common on the left. It’s been said that: “The right seeks converts and the left seeks traitors.” This moral superiority that is peculiar to the left is a great impediment to momentum. It is also a right drag when you’re trying to enjoy a riot.
Perhaps this is why there is currently no genuinely popular left-wing movement to counter Ukip, the EDL and the Tea Party; for an ideology that is defined by inclusiveness, socialism has become in practice quite exclusive. Plus a bit too serious, too much up its own fundament and not enough fun. The same could be said of the growing New Age spiritual movement, which could be a natural accompaniment to social progression. I’m a bit of a tree-hugging, Hindu-tattooed, veggie meditator myself but first and foremost I want to have a fucking laugh. When Ali G, who had joined protesters attempting to prevent a forest being felled to make way for a road, shouted across the barricade, “You may take our trees, but you’ll never take our freedom,” I identified more with Baron Cohen’s amoral trickster than the stern activist who aggressively admonished him: “This is serious, you cunt.”
A bit too fucking serious, actually. As John Cleese said, there is a tendency to confuse seriousness with solemnity. Serious causes can and must be approached with good humour, otherwise they’re boring and can’t compete with the Premier League and Grand Theft Auto. Social movements needn’t lack razzmatazz.
The right has all the advantages, just as the devil has all the best tunes. Conservatism appeals to our selfishness and fear, our desire and self-interest; they neatly nurture and then harvest the inherent and incubating individualism.
I imagine that neurologically the pathway travelled by a fearful or selfish impulse is more expedient and well travelled than the route of the altruistic pang. In simple terms of circuitry I suspect it is easier to connect these selfish inclinations.
This natural, neurological tendency has been overstimulated and acculturated. Materialism and individualism do in moderation make sense. If you are naked and starving and someone gives you soup and a blanket your happiness will increase. That doesn’t mean that if you have 10,000 silken blankets and a golden cauldron of soup made from white rhino cum your happiness will continue to proportionately increase until you’re gouched out, swathed in silk, gurgling up pearlescent froth.
Biomechanically we are individuals, clearly. On the most obvious frequency of our known sensorial reality we are independent anatomical units. So we must take care of ourselves. But with our individual survival ensured there is little satisfaction to be gained by enthroning and enshrining ourselves as individuals.
These problems that threaten to bring on global destruction are the result of legitimate human instincts gone awry, exploited by a dead ideology derived from dead desert myths. Fear and desire are the twin engines of human survival but with most of our basic needs met these instincts are being engaged to imprison us in an obsolete fragment of our consciousness. Our materialistic consumer culture relentlessly stimulates our desire. Our media ceaselessly engages our fear, our government triangulates and administrates, ensuring there are no obstacles to the agendas of these slow-thighed beasts, slouching towards Bethlehem.
For me the solution has to be primarily spiritual and secondarily political. This, too, is difficult terrain when the natural tribal leaders of the left are atheists, when Marxism is inveterately Godless. When the lumbering monotheistic faiths have given us millennia of grief for a handful of prayers and some sparkly rituals.
By spiritual I mean the acknowledgement that our connection to one another and the planet must be prioritised. Buckminster Fuller outlines what ought be our collective objectives succinctly: “to make the world work for 100 per cent of humanity in the shortest possible time through spontaneous co-operation without ecological offence or the disadvantage of anyone”. This maxim is the very essence of “easier said than done” as it implies the dismantling of our entire socio-economic machinery. By teatime.
Can this be achieved when we are enslaved by old ideologies, be they theological or economic? The absurdity of our localised consciousness and global ignorance hit me hard when I went on a Comic Relief trip to Kenya.
Like most of the superficially decent things I do in life, my motivation was to impress women more than to aid the suffering. “A couple of days in Africa,” I thought, “and a lifetime cashing in on pics of me with thin babies, speculate to accumulate,” I assured my anxious inner womaniser.
After visiting the slums of Kibera, where a city built from mud and run on fear festers on the suburbs of Nairobi, I was sufficiently schooled by Live Aid and Michael Buerk to maintain an emotional distance. It was only when our crew visited a nearby rubbish dump that the comforting buoyancy of visual clichés rinsed away by the deluge of a previously inconceivable reality. This rubbish dump was not like some tip off the M25 where you might dump a fridge freezer or a smashed-in mattress. This was a nation made of waste with no end in sight. Domestic waste, medical waste, industrial waste formed their own perverse geography. Stinking rivers sluiced through banks of putrid trash, mountains, valleys, peaks and troughs all formed from discarded filth. An ecology based on our indifference and ignorance in the “cradle of civilisation” where our species is said to have originated. Here amid the pestilence I saw Armageddon. Here the end of the world is not a prophecy but a condition. A demented herd chewed polystyrene cud. Sows fed their piglets in the bilge. Gloomy shadows split the sun as marabou storks, five foot in span with ragged labial throats, swooped down. My mate Nik said he had to revise his vision of hell to include what he’d seen.
Kibera in Kenya. Photo: Getty
Here and there, picking through this unending slander, children foraged for bottle tops, which had some value, where all is worthless.
For a while when I returned to my sanitised house and my sanitised state of mind I guiltily thumbed bottle tops for a moment before I disposed of them; temporarily they were like crucifixes for these kids, sacrificed that I may live in privilege. A few weeks later I was in Paris at a Givenchy fashion show where the most exquisite garments cantered by on underfed, well-bred clothes horses. The spectacle was immaculate, smoke-filled bubbles burst on to the runway. To be here in this gleaming sophistication was heaven. Here starvation is a tool to achieve the perfect perpendicular pelvis.
Now, I bow to no one in my appreciation of female beauty and fancy clobber but I could not wrench the phantom of those children from my mind, in this moment I felt the integration; that the price of this decadence was their degradation. That these are not dislocated ideas but the two extremes are absolutely interdependent. The price of privilege is poverty. David Cameron said in his conference speech that profit is “not a dirty word”. Profit is the most profane word we have. In its pursuit we have forgotten that while individual interests are being met, we as a whole are being annihilated. The reality, when not fragmented through the corrupting lens of elitism, is we are all on one planet.
To have such suffering adjacent to such excess is akin to marvelling at an incomparable beauty, whose face is the radiant epitome of celestial symmetry, and ignoring, half a yard lower down, her abdomen, cancerous, weeping and carbuncled. “Keep looking at the face, put a handbag over those tumours. Strike a pose. Come on, Vogue.”
Suffering of this magnitude affects us all. We have become prisoners of comfort in the absence of meaning. A people without a unifying myth. Joseph Campbell, the comparative mythologist, says our global problems are all due to the lack of relevant myths. That we are trying to sustain social cohesion using redundant ideologies devised for a population that lived in deserts millennia ago. What does it matter if 2,000 years ago Christ died on the cross and was resurrected if we are not constantly resurrected to the truth, anew, moment to moment? How is his transcendence relevant if we do not resurrect our consciousness from the deceased, moribund mind of our obsolete ideologies and align with our conditions?
The model of pre-Christian man has fulfilled its simian objectives. We have survived, we have created agriculture and cities. Now this version of man must be sacrificed that we can evolve beyond the reaches of the ape. These stories contain great clues to our survival when we release ourselves from literalism and superstition. What are ideologies other than a guide for life? Throughout paganism one finds stories that integrate our species with our environment to the benefit of both. The function and benefits of these belief matrixes have been lost, with good reason. They were socialist, egalitarian and integrated. If like the Celtic people we revered the rivers we would prioritise this sacred knowledge and curtail the attempts of any that sought to pollute the rivers. If like the Nordic people we believed the souls of our ancestors lived in the trees, this connection would make mass deforestation anathema. If like the native people of America we believed God was in the soil what would our intuitive response be to the implementation of fracking?
Little wonder then that these myths, these codes for our protection and survival, have been aborted and replaced with nihilistic narratives of individualism, peopled by sequin-covered vacuous heroes. Now we only riot and roar in hot summers or at football scores or when our dead are desecrated by the vile publications that convey this corrosive, corrupting, deceitful narrative.
I deplore corporate colonialism but not viscerally. The story isn’t presented in a way that rouses me. Apple seems like such an affable outfit; I like my iPhone. Occasionally I hear some yarn about tax avoidance or Chinese iPhone factory workers committing suicide because of dreadful working conditions but it doesn’t really bother me, it seems so abstract. Not in the same infuriating, visceral, immediate way that I get pissed off when I buy a new phone and they’ve changed the fucking chargers, then I want to get my old, perfectly good charger and lynch the executives with the cable. They make their own product, which they’ve already sold me, deliberately obsolete just to rinse a few more quid out of us.
But profit is not a dirty word. I hate big banks and banking and bankers but when they rip us off and do us down with derivatives and foreclosures and bundles, I roll my eyes. However when I see that I’m getting a £3.50 surcharge at a cash machine I want to put their fucking windows through. This is the selfish impulse the right expertly engages but ought to belong to the left. We have to see that all these things are connected. We have succumbed to an ideology that is 100 per cent corrupt and must be overthrown. The maintenance of this system depends on our belief that “there’s nothing we can do”; well, the government seemed pretty shook up during those riots. They snapped out of their Tuscan complacency quick enough then, and that was for a few pissed-off kids.
Those kids weren’t apathetic either. They felt impotent because they are given no status, structure or space. Perhaps in a system where legitimate, peaceful protest was heard that may have been an appropriate option for them, but Stop the War marches don’t stop wars, at the top of the pyramid larceny is rewarded with big bonuses. They may have been misdirected but they certainly had some vim. How beautiful it would be to see their passion utilised and directed at the source of their grievances.
The system is adept at turning our aggression on to one another. We condemn the rioters. The EDL condemns immigrants. My new rule for when I fancy doing a bit of the ol’ condemnation is: “Do the people I’m condemning have any actual power?” The immigrant capacity to cause social negativity is pretty slender. Especially if you live in luxury in Hollywood and the only immigrants you meet are Gabby, my Mexican second mother, and Polo who looks after the garden. It probably seems more serious if you’re in a council flat in Tower Hamlets. Still the fact remains that an immigrant is just someone who used to be somewhere else. Free movement of global capital will necessitate the free movement of an affordable labour force to meet the demands that the free-moving capital has created. The wrath is directed to the symptom, not the problem.
We British seem to be a bit embarrassed about revolution, like the passion is uncouth or that some tea might get spilled on our cuffs in the uprising. That revolution is a bit French or worse still American. Well, the alternative is extinction so now might be a good time to re-evaluate. The apathy is in fact a transmission problem, when we are given the correct information in an engaging fashion, we will stir.
The hypocrisy – me, working for MTV with my fancy shoes – is a problem that can be taken care of incrementally. I don’t mind giving up some of my baubles and balderdash for a genuinely fair system, so can we create one? We have to be inclusive of everyone, to recognise our similarities are more important than our differences and that we have an immediate ecological imperative. This is not a job I’d place in the hot, clammy, grasping palms of Cameron and Osborne. I shook George Osborne’s hand once, by accident, it was like sliding my hand into a dilated cow.
We require a change that is beyond the narrow, prescriptive parameters of the current debate, outside the fortress of our current system. A system predicated on aspects of our nature that are dangerous when systemic: greed, selfishness and fear. These are old, dead ideas. That’s why their business is conducted in archaic venues. Antiquated, elegant edifices, lined with oak and leather. We no longer have the luxury of tradition.
Cameron, Osborne, Boris, all of them lot, they went to the same schools and the same universities that have the same decor as the old buildings from which they now govern us. It’s not that they’re malevolent; it’s just that they’re irrelevant. Relics of an old notion, like Old Spice: it’s fine that it exists but no one should actually use it.
We are still led by blithering chimps, in razor-sharp suits, with razor-sharp lines, pimped and crimped by spin doctors and speech-writers. Well-groomed ape-men, superficially altered by post-Clintonian trends.
We are mammals on a planet, who now face a struggle for survival if our species is to avoid expiry. We can’t be led by people who have never struggled, who are a dusty oak-brown echo of a system dreamed up by Whigs and old Dutch racists.
We now must live in reality, inner and outer. Consciousness itself must change. My optimism comes entirely from the knowledge that this total social shift is actually the shared responsibility of six billion individuals who ultimately have the same interests. Self-preservation and the survival of the planet. This is a better idea than the sustenance of an elite. The Indian teacher Yogananda said: “It doesn’t matter if a cave has been in darkness for 10,000 years or half an hour, once you light a match it is illuminated.” Like a tanker way off course due to an imperceptible navigational error at the offset we need only alter our inner longitude.
Capitalism is not real; it is an idea. America is not real; it is an idea that someone had ages ago. Britain, Christianity, Islam, karate, Wednesdays are all just ideas that we choose to believe in and very nice ideas they are, too, when they serve a purpose. These concepts, though, cannot be served to the detriment of actual reality.
The reality is we have a spherical ecosystem, suspended in, as far as we know, infinite space upon which there are billions of carbon-based life forms, of which we presume ourselves to be the most important, and a limited amount of resources.
The only systems we can afford to employ are those that rationally serve the planet first, then all humanity. Not out of some woolly, bullshit tree-hugging piffle but because we live on it, currently without alternatives. This is why I believe we need a unifying and in - clusive spiritual ideology: atheism and materialism atomise us and anchor us to one frequency of consciousness and inhibit necessary co-operation.
In 2013 (another made-up imaginary concept) we cannot afford to giggle, drivel and burp like giant, pube-covered babies about quaint, old-fashioned notions like nation, capitalism and consumerism simply because it’s convenient for the tiny, greedy, myopic sliver of the population that those outmoded ideas serve. I will never vote because, as Billy said, “It encourages them.” I did a job with Billy Connolly and Eddie Izzard not long ago and the three of us shared a dressing room. Eddie believes in democracy and spoke sincerely of his political ambitions. “One day I’d like to be a politician . . .” he said. I spoke of my belief that change could only come from within. “I’d like to be a spiritual orator . . .” I said grandly.
Billy eyed us both, with kindly disapprobation. “I’d like to be a nuisance,” he said. “I want to be a troublemaker, there in the gallery in parliament shouting RUBBISH and PROVE IT.” Who am I to argue with The Great Trickster Connolly? I will never vote and I don’t think you should, either.
To genuinely make a difference, we must become different; make the tiny, longitudinal shift. Meditate, direct our love indiscriminately and our condemnation exclusively at those with power. Revolt in whatever way we want, with the spontaneity of the London rioters, with the certainty and willingness to die of religious fundamentalists or with the twinkling mischief of the trickster. We should include everyone, judging no one, without harming anyone. The Agricultural Revolution took thousands of years, the Industrial Revolution took hundreds of years, the Technological Revolution took tens, the Spiritual Revolution has come and we have only an instant to act.
Now there is an opportunity for the left to return to its vital, virile, vigorous origins. A movement for the people, by the people, in the service of the land. Socialism’s historical connection with spiritual principles is deep. Sharing is a spiritual principle, respecting our land is a spiritual principle. May the first, May Day, is a pagan holiday where we acknowledge our essential relationship with our land. I bet the Tolpuddle martyrs, who marched for fair pay for agricultural workers, whose legacy is the right for us to have social solidarity, were a right bunch of herberts if you knew them. “Thugs, yobs, hooligans,” theDaily Mail would’ve called them. Our young people need to know there is a culture, a strong, broad union, that they can belong to, that is potent, virile and alive. At this time when George and Dave pilfer and pillage our land and money for their oligarch mates, at this time when the Tories are taking the EU to court to stop it curtailing their banker pals’ bonuses, that there is something they can do. Take to the streets, together, with the understanding that the feeling that you aren’t being heard or seen or represented isn’t psychosis; it’s government policy.
But we are far from apathetic, we are far from impotent. I take great courage from the groaning effort required to keep us down, the institutions that have to be fastidiously kept in place to maintain this duplicitous order. Propaganda, police, media, lies. Now is the time to continue the great legacy of the left, in harmony with its implicit spiritual principles. Time may only be a human concept and therefore ultimately unreal, but what is irrefutably real is that this is the time for us to wake up.
The revolution of consciousness is a decision, decisions take a moment. In my mind the revolution has already begun.
Find Russell on Twitter: @rustyrockets. To subscribe to the New Statesman,click here. Watch Russell introducing the contents of the rest of his issue:

10大安全航空公司 澳航居首 國泰上榜

【本報訊】去年空難頻仍,不少遊客為求安心,傾向選搭飛行安全表現較佳的航空公司。知名航空網站AirlineRatings.com昨公佈全球10大最安全航空公司,澳洲航空(Qantas)再度蟬聯榜首,並保持自50年代至今沒發生致命事故紀錄。國泰航空、長榮航空及英國航空也上榜。
該網站監察全球449間航空公司,根據空難次數、是否符合國際民航組織安全標準等評選,澳洲航空憑近乎完美的紀錄登頂,其餘九大航空公司則沒排名(見表)。

捷星入選最安全廉航

所有上榜航空公司均獲最高的7星安全評級,根據評級準則,如航空公司在10年內曾遇空難便會「搣星」。其實澳航在2008年及2010年差點「破功」,兩架航機在航行期間爆炸,幸兩次均順利緊急降落鄰近機場,沒有乘客死亡。近年也沒有嚴重事故。
廉航不一定是次貨,該網站同時選出10間最安全廉航,全部獲5星以上評級,其中8間更獲7星,包括澳航子公司捷星航空(Jetstar)、阿拉斯加航空及愛爾蘭航空。
有人歡喜有人愁,50間航空公司獲3星評級或以下,其中尼泊爾航空(Nepal Airlines)以及尼泊爾阿格尼航空(Agni Air)等5間航空公司更只獲1星評級。
此外,德國航空事故資料評估中心也「放榜」,新西蘭航空獲選最安全航空公司,其餘上榜者依次為國泰航空、芬蘭航空、阿聯酋航空、長榮航空、英國航空、TAP葡萄牙航空、阿提哈德航空、加拿大航空以及澳洲航空,與航空網站AirlineRatings.com的評選結果相近。

2012年2月5日 星期日

蝗蟲與狗

蝗蟲與狗 -saving
2012年02月05日





候選人在電視上被問:「你是否支持死刑?如被謀殺的是你妻子,答案還會否一樣?」答:「我會親手殺死那雜種,然後接受法律的制裁。」擲地聲奪人的答案,出自一個美國總統候選人的口,電視上公開展示人性的缺弊同時相信法治的堅持。




「因為社會應該比個人優秀。」《選戰風雲》中的佐治古尼說。在爭議的課題前敢爭議敢言,現實中未必有這樣的候選人去刺激思維,盡量辯明難辯燙手的社會矛盾。現實祇有豬和狼。還有蝗蟲與狗。




什麼人會說人是狗?什麼人說人是蟲?什麼人在什麼言論之前有什麼反應、反思、行動?太過激動流於歧視偏激當然不對,過度理性和諧冷靜又似不近人情,各打五十的文章大可不必,但值得思考的更是為什麼會有某些言論。缺德,喧嘩,炫富,不守秩序,污糟邋遢,冇禮貌,不衞生,不文明的大陸人你討不討厭?我憎,超憎!但我憎的是前面的一堆行為,統稱冇品,冇品的中英美德意法日俄國人我八國聯憎,不是國籍問題,是沒教養的問題。教養是比知識和財富更難培植、收割和保有的,是以北大的教授可以吠影狗噏,億萬富豪幾多品格惡臭。「大事難事看擔當,逆境順境看襟度,臨喜臨怒看涵養」,素有教養的人,在難事逆境和怒事之中,一樣容易品格醜陋,考驗是真正的照妖鏡。但我們都不是聖人,你的親人被殺了誰還剩多少襟度涵養。




有人問我對於「反蝗反雙非」挑機廣告的看法,實無法同意它的煽動性前設:這不是挑機廣告,是自衞。挑機廣告,如美國的競爭式廣告( competitive advertising)當然講功力風度,但這不是,是自衞廣告。是一批香港人眼見社會資源繃緊得無法應付,大家連安居樂業都受到威脅,政府又一味龜縮坐視不理,大家唯有不平則鳴。自衞時,很難四方八面都照顧周到。飛機上有緊急事故,都請大家先替自己戴好氧氣罩,才去照顧其他人。為什麼香港人對普遍大陸人反感?是經驗所得,集體經驗造成集體印象,誰都吃過大陸人的粗野,媒體亦聳動兼奇觀式廣報「大陸式劣行」,「缺德喧嘩炫富不守秩序污糟邋遢不文明」等不是標籤是共冶一爐的經驗。當香港孕婦的權益被剝削無道,銅鑼灣街上大戲院小食店絕跡大家祇能食錶,誰看見「反蝗廣告」不會大快人心吐口烏氣!是人性。

但社會應意識到「反蝗」的危險,個人可以一時感情用事,社會需要比個人理性,明辯出一個公論,對解決不了問題的歧視族群仇緒說不。美國人對黑人歷史上的歧視見證美國教養的落後和進化。不做道德塔利班,也別做教養 3K黨。小心理直氣壯的暴力把港人推向另一種不文明的野蠻。黃崑巖的《談教養》提到白修德在《歷史的探尋》寫及「中國人對中國人的殘忍,有比外國人對中國人還殘忍的一面」。林語堂認為教育的目標,在於發展智識上的鑒別力和良好的行為。國民教育夠不夠好不好,養不養出蝗蟲,是國家的問題政府的不力。哲學家黑格爾:「公共輿論中有一切種類的錯誤與真理」。常人討厭不文明,但「當心你的思想,因它們會變成文字;當心你的文字,因它們會變成行動;當心你的行動,因它們會變成習慣;當心你的習慣,因它們會變成你的性格;當心你的性格,它會變你的命運。 What we think we become」。